Transliteration:( Bal zanantum al lany yanqalibar Rasoolu walmu'minoona ilaaa ahleehim abadanw wa zuyyina zaalika fee quloobikum wa zanantum zannnas saw'i wa kuntum qawmam booraa )
"Indeed you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return [31] to their homes, and the same appeared to you fair in your hearts. But you conceived [32] an evil thought, and you were a people to be ruined [33]."
The hypocrites believed that the Messenger ﷺ and his Companions would be killed by the disbelievers, and would never return to Madinah. However, Allah refers to all those who accompanied the Prophet ﷺ as true believers. This affirms that all fourteen hundred Companions who pledged Bay‘at al-Ridwan were of the highest level of faith. Therefore, anyone who now doubts their belief is in fact denying the truth of this verse.
They falsely assumed that Islam would be overcome by disbelief (Allah forbid) and that the dream of the Holy Prophet ﷺ would turn out to be untrue. This reflected the corruption of their hearts and minds, not a genuine concern.
Such evil assumptions and deliberate denial made them deserving of Divine punishment. From this, it is understood that none of the noble Companions who took part in Bai‘at al-Ridwan are eligible for punishment. If they were, this verse’s clear distinction and praise of them would have been invalidated, which is impossible in the speech of Allah.
The tafsir of Surah Fath verse 12 by Ibn Kathir is unavailable here.
Please refer to Surah Fath ayat 11 which provides the complete commentary from verse 11 through 14.
(48:12) (But the truth is not what you say.) You had imagined that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families, and this notion was embellished in your hearts.[23] You harboured an evil thought, and you are an immensely evil people.”[24]
23. That is, you were delighted to think that you had saved yourselves from the danger into which the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his believing supporters were going. You thought you had done so by dint of your great wisdom; and you also did not feel any compunction in rejoicing at the thought that the Messenger (peace be upon him) and the believers would not return alive from their expedition. You did not feel uneasy in spite of your claim to the faith but were pleased to think that you did not put yourselves in the danger by accompanying the Messenger (peace be upon him).
24. The word ba-ir (pl. bur in the original) has two meanings:
(1) A sinful, perverted and evil-minded person who is incapable of doing anything good.
(2) One who is doomed to an evil end and is following the path of destruction.
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